Stroop Effect Essays

Stroop Effect Essays Stroop Effect Essay Stroop Effect Essay Discussion The aim of this experiment was to replicate the original experiment carried out by the Stroop effect theorists and gain the same results. The Stroop Effect has a very long and established history of research that most if not all produce congruent results. However, in this experiment the results say otherwise, but this does not mean that one is right and the other is wrong. Consider the factors that may have contributed to producing such results. Since the experiment had results that there is no significant relationship between the Stroop effect and reaction time there could be several factors that may have contributed this: (1) demographics, (2) age and (3) gender. The Stroop performance has been found to be related to demographic factors and the relationship between an advanced age and reduced performance has been consistently reported. (Houx et al. , 1993; Graf et al. , 1995; Ivnik et al. , 1996; Klein et al. , 1997; Golden Freahwater, 2002; Moering et al. , 2004; Lucas et al. , 2005; Steinberg et al. 2005; Van der Elst. , 2006) Moreover, although the effect is relatively small, educational level is also known to have a significant influence. (Houx et al. , 1993; Ivnik et al. , 1996; Klein et al. , 1997; Golden Freahwater, 2002; Moering et al. , 2004; Lucas et al. , 2005; Steinberg et al. , 2005; Van der Elst. , 2006) In addition, the influence of gender was found to be significant; women performed better than men. Moreo ver, there was an interaction between gender and education for the color page indicating women outperformed men with increasing educational attainement. If the word meaning and colour are the same then facilitation appears; this results in a faster reaction time than ompared to when the word meaning and colour are different, in-congruent and interference occurs. It is Also easier to simply name an ink patch then it is an in- congruent word. The Horse Race Model explains this by saying that there is only one single exit before saying the same and so the two independent processes, reading and colour naming, are in competition to get there first; reading is the fastest of these processes and so gets there first. When the word meaning and colour are in- congruent and interference occurs then the single exit is blocked, with the wrong esponse, and so a delay occurs because the wrong response has been rejected and suspended to allow the correct response to be said. when the word mean and colour are the same then the reading process still gets there first however, as it is the correct response, the reaction time of naming the colour decreases. This experiment will look at the Horse Race Model (HRM), the reading process will be delayed by different variants of time, this should mean that the colour naming process will get to the exit first. For this participants will be required to make a decision about what colour is being presented on a monitor, as fast as possible. There has been some dispute in past research on experiments done on the HRM, for example; Lost et al and Glaser et al found that delaying the word meaning showed the HRM in practise and it had an effect on the reaction time of the response. However Goolkasian found rather different results, he did not see the HRM in action, this difference in results between the researchers is a reason for this experiment. It is unclear to what extent, if any, the HRM has on response time; because of these conflicting finding more research is needed. The main reason for experiment was to test if the HRM gave a alid reason for the Strop effect. As mentioned prestigiously the HRM assumes that, as reading is the fastest of the two independent processes then reading a word should be faster than naming a colour therefore it predicts that there should be a significant interference when the word and the colour are presented simultaneously for the in-congruent conditions and a significant facilitation when congruent word and colour appear simultaneously. This interference and facilitation, if the HRM is correct will be significantly reduced when there is a delay because naming the colour wou a nave aa Methods Participants nea start ana slowed down tne read Ing process. There was a total of 159 participants used for this in this study. They were recruited as a sample group in the University of Essex. Apparatus An Apple lmac was used, this had a screen resolution of 19201200 pixels. On a 24 screen. Using Supercard version 4. 7 software. Materials The participants were presented with stimuli of two components which was displayed to them on screen. One stimuli was the coloured rectangular patch (3. 55. 5cm). This patch was presented in a variety of difference colours; yellow, red, green and blue. The other stimuli that was presented to the participants was a word, which either matched up to one of the four colours, however could have been in- congruent or congruent or a natural, control word being XXXXX. As well being presented with the patch, the words would also appear, in size 24, in the centre of the patch. There were four conditions for when the word appeared; Oms (simultaneously), looms, 200ms or 350ms. The participants were also presented with the four colour in 4 separate answer/response squares: ranging in sizes. Once the participant had selected which colour they were presented with either correct or ncorrect. Design This was a repeated measure design in which participants were to take part in all conditions. The independent variables for this condition were the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), which constituted of 4 times; Oms, 100ms, 200ms and 350ms. The second independent variable was the congruence level which was made up of three conditions; congruence, in-congruence and neutral. The dependent variable was how long it took the participant to identifying the colour patch, which was measured in milliseconds(ms). Procedure To begin with participants were asked to open the correct software. Participants randomly assigned to 144 trials, which was made of 2 trials for each of the 12 conditions that were being used. The participants were asked to name the colour as fast as possible, the way they responded to the colour was using a keyboard in which each colour was assigned to a key; Q=Yellow, W=Red, 0=Blue and P=Green. Each trial started wltn a wnlte rectangular Dox Delng snown In tne centre 0T tne screen, underneath this box were the four keys, labelled with the appropriate colour. After 1 second a randomised colour patch appeared (which could have been any of the four olours, red, blue, green and yellow) followed by the word or XXXXX depending on randomised condition, this word would be neutral, in-congruent or congruent and appear after a random SOA. The participants were giving a 2 second limit on the response time, and once they had responded using the corresponding key, Q,W,O or P, they were presented with feedback either correct or incorrect. Once the participant had finished the trial pressing the space bar would allow them to move onto the next trial. After 24 trials participants were giving a break, the next set of rials would then resume when the space bar was pressed. Once all 6 blocks were finished the test was over and the participants were presented with 12 scores which they were asked to record on a table given to them on entering the room. Results although 159 participants were used for this experiment 17 participants data could not be used due to colour blindness or not having enough correct responses, if participants got less than 8 out of 12 of the trials correct their data could not be used. This left the study with data from 142 participants. Ones the raw data was received from the participants, an means and standard eviations were calculated for each of the conditions giving a total of 12 means and 12 standard deviations. Also four paired sample t-tests were conducting to see if the predictions had come true. Table 1 shows the mean reaction time for all the conditions, as we can see the ln- congruent at Oms was the slowest time (M=826. 28, SD 188. 131) and the fastest time being the neutral at looms (M-722. 30, 133. 386). Table 1- Descriptive statistics on mean reaction time in ms and Standard deviations Condition Mean (in ms) Standard deviation In-congruent at Oms 826. 28 188. 13 Neutral at oms 715. 63 130. 9 congruent at oms 781. 2 161. 83 In-congruent at looms 778. 61 179. 42 Neutral at looms 722. 3 133. 39 congruent at looms 738. 8 178. 25 In-congruent at 200srn 716. 47 140. 29 Neutral at 200rns 732. 08 144. 61 congruent at 200rns 738. 8 129. 95 In-congruent at 350ms 735. 11 156. 27 Neutral at 350ms 24. 05 156. 13 congruent at 350ms 729. 62 153 I ne palrea sample t-test tnat were conauctea snowed a numDer 0T tnlngs, Tlrstly we can see that inference occurred at Oms, when in-congruence is compared to neutral at Oms we can see a significant result. In-congruence having a mean of 826. 28 while neutral having a mean of 715. 63, t(141)=9. 60, p=

Free Essays on Cowboys Between 1870-1900

The years of the late 1800’s were a time of great expansion and growth for the U.S. The Central Pacific railroad moved east and the Union Pacific moved west through the plains. Joseph McCoy of Springfield, IL devised a plan to take cattle out of Texas and take them to western towns. From there, he would ship them by rail to packing factories in the East. After a long search, he found the town of Abilene, KS. He bought grassy land surrounding the town and built holding pens for the thousands of cattle. Thus began the Chisholm Trail and the origin of the â€Å"long drive.† Each long drive lasted about three months and was a transport of cattle held each year. There were four main cattle trails traveled by the cowboys. First, the Chisholm Trail ran from San Antonio, TX to Abilene, KS. The Sedalia Trail ran also from San Antonio on to Sedalia, MO. The Goodnight-Loving Trail ran from San Angelo, TX to Cheyenne, WY and the Western Trail from Bandera, TX to Dodge City, KS. The cowboys who made the long drive rode on horses from Mexico. Hernn Cortà ©s brought small horses in 1519 known as piebald pintos. The law in the West has been characterized as â€Å"5 cartridges in the cylinder and 1 in the chamber.† The Gold Rush of ’49 brought many people to the frontier, a few of whom became very rich and many more who were extremely poor. Some believed they could take advantage of the newly rich, which led to increased crime. Train robbers and wagon holdups were common. The only solution was to hire mercenaries to â€Å"clean up† some crime-ridden cities. Although lawmen were essential to keep the peace, the marshals, sheriffs and deputies were often as corrupt as the outlaws. Wyatt Earp was marshal of Tombstone, AZ, but was a former horse thief, an embezzler, and a gambler. When Earp worked in Dodge City, he met another not-so-good guy, Doc Holiday. Although Holiday was an alcoholic and a cold-hearted killer, he and Earp became good friends. Othe... Free Essays on Cowboys Between 1870-1900 Free Essays on Cowboys Between 1870-1900 The years of the late 1800’s were a time of great expansion and growth for the U.S. The Central Pacific railroad moved east and the Union Pacific moved west through the plains. Joseph McCoy of Springfield, IL devised a plan to take cattle out of Texas and take them to western towns. From there, he would ship them by rail to packing factories in the East. After a long search, he found the town of Abilene, KS. He bought grassy land surrounding the town and built holding pens for the thousands of cattle. Thus began the Chisholm Trail and the origin of the â€Å"long drive.† Each long drive lasted about three months and was a transport of cattle held each year. There were four main cattle trails traveled by the cowboys. First, the Chisholm Trail ran from San Antonio, TX to Abilene, KS. The Sedalia Trail ran also from San Antonio on to Sedalia, MO. The Goodnight-Loving Trail ran from San Angelo, TX to Cheyenne, WY and the Western Trail from Bandera, TX to Dodge City, KS. The cowboys who made the long drive rode on horses from Mexico. Hernn Cortà ©s brought small horses in 1519 known as piebald pintos. The law in the West has been characterized as â€Å"5 cartridges in the cylinder and 1 in the chamber.† The Gold Rush of ’49 brought many people to the frontier, a few of whom became very rich and many more who were extremely poor. Some believed they could take advantage of the newly rich, which led to increased crime. Train robbers and wagon holdups were common. The only solution was to hire mercenaries to â€Å"clean up† some crime-ridden cities. Although lawmen were essential to keep the peace, the marshals, sheriffs and deputies were often as corrupt as the outlaws. Wyatt Earp was marshal of Tombstone, AZ, but was a former horse thief, an embezzler, and a gambler. When Earp worked in Dodge City, he met another not-so-good guy, Doc Holiday. Although Holiday was an alcoholic and a cold-hearted killer, he and Earp became good friends. Othe...

Brand Evolution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Brand Evolution - Assignment Example The celebrity brand of Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears represents their individual lifestyles, values, personality, emotion and the desires that two celebrities are identified directly with. It is notable that the concept of the two brands has gone a step further to be associated with a sub-culture in the society mainly through their fans. Most of the consumers who are the fans are characterized with high-involvement where they have emotionally invested in the brand. The two brands in the 21st century have had subculture notably the young people in the society notably ladies identifying themselves. Both Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears brands have highly emotionally invested in the lifestyle the brand represents.Comparing the two career paths that both Aguilera and spears have taken illuminates how their brands are influential in the contemporary societies all over the world. Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears became famous and rose to superstardom almost at the same ti me. This childhood competition in various events contributed greatly to the development of the two identity brands of the two singers. Their differences are as compelling as their similarities in the various aspects of performance and entertainment dimensions. Aguilera and Spears were born in 1980 and 1981 respectively and they both competed as young girls in most of the local competitions during their childhood.  Their brand development began as they acted in various precocious talents by auditioning for "The Mickey Mouse Club,†.... Both Christina Augilera and Britney Spears brands have highly emotionally invested in the lifestyle the brand represents. BRAND DEVELOPMENT Comparing the two career paths that both Aguilera and spears have taken illuminates how their brands are influential in the contemporary societies all over the world. Christina Augilera and Britney Spears became famous and rose to superstardom almost at the same time. During their time it was regarded as the battle of the blondes, they competed since childhood and there is no clear winner between the two. This childhood competition in various events contributed greatly to the development of the two identity brands of the two singers. They were both talented artists, and their differences are as compelling as their similarities in the various aspects of performance and entertainment dimensions (Beverly 2005). Aguilera and Spears were born in 1980 and 1981 respectively and they both competed as young girls in most of local competitions during their childhood. Their brand development began as they acted in various precocious talents by auditioning for "The Mickey Mouse Club,†. This was a popular TV show in USA where Aguilera auditioned in 1991 and waited two years until she was older. Aguilera boosted her career in performance and singing marking quickly her place as a diva with a powerful voice suitable for singing. Britney Spears on the other hand began her brand creation in 1992 joining "The Mickey Mouse Club† where Aguilera had signed a year ago. This marked the beginning of their brand establishment being part of one team. Until the cancellation in 1994 Spears and Aguilera stayed on the show and they did a number of numerous performances together on the show. Attributed to this fact is that the two

Effect of the Swine flu pandemic on the tourist industry in the US and Research Paper

Effect of the Swine flu pandemic on the tourist industry in the US and Europe - Research Paper Example Theoretical Framework The theoretical perspective used in this study is the vulnerability of the marketability of the tourism industry to abrupt alterations in market views. Natural or human-made acts can change the marketability, appeal, and popularity of the most well-known tourism destinations drastically (Beirman, 2003). Occurrences, such as pandemics, which harm the potential of a destination, may lead to significant economic disorder. For individuals, this event may lead to poverty and job loss (Page, 2011). Nevertheless, a small number of travelers/tourists will take into account these repercussions in their destination preferences. Their major concern is to visit a tourism destination gratifying their personal aspirations with the least obstacles or risks to their health and security. Research Questions The primary research question of this study is: what is the effect of the swine flu pandemic on the tourism industry of the United States and Europe? In answering this researc h question, the number of visitor arrivals in tourisms destinations in the U.S. and Europe before, during, and after the swine flu pandemic will be considered.

Hermeneutical Orientation Essay Example for Free

Hermeneutical Orientation Essay In the context of Paul Ricoeur’s fervor with regard to the issues that revolve around religion, he is most famous in the idea that the perception on religion is wide-ranging hence contains distinctive appropriation on the light of Husserlian phenomenology which tends to seek on structuralism as well as with linguistic analysis. As stressed in his book Figuring the Sacred: Religion, Narrative and Imagination—he already gave out his standpoints on what he has seemingly observed as humanistic and societal problems on the verity of religion. Further, it is evident that in the midst if his intellectual pilgrimage in scribbling with the aide of is own convictions, he ahs tremendously exhibited a generosity of spirit and a rather steadfast sagacity over sensitivity on what tends to take occurrence in the present making him a representative thinker—thus has been criticized as that with a matter of temperament. Analysis My title expresses in a few words a certain number of assumptions that it will be my task to clarify as far as is possible in the space allotted me. In that certain line, a reader may one clearly notice his respect for other people’s opinion or credit over the idea that all individuals are entitled over their own opinion. In such sense, it already creates an enticing hysteria with a presumed connotation that â€Å"this author shall offer a new formula of thought and a fresh ocean of assumptions based on his own perceptions†Ã¢â‚¬â€one valid reason why many writers has decided to write about his thoughts, saying that these thoughts are â€Å"distinctive† and must be critically studied and comprehended for further understanding, nevertheless, remain shallow for that matter. Discussion The specific religious experience of every individual greatly varies depending on the person’s cultural background, geographical location, family ties among many others. As culture defines a great part on how the individual perceives the world and his or her corresponding behaviors, it also determines the relation of the individual with the prominent religion with respect to the society’s cultural background. In essence, Ricoeur placed great emphasis on the significant role portrayed by education in the upkeep of the democratic principles of any democratic country as well as the significance of such a democratic institution in the development of the â€Å"quality of education being catered to the people through democratic actuations and democratic thinking† (Rockefeller, 1994). Conclusion A key to understanding the profound effect of the author in the field of philosophy, theology, religious studies and biblical interpretation as well as his precepts that directed towards his ideas on religion dwells on his notion on what may count as useful to man on given circumstances. That is, one should great emphasis on taking the leap of faith both when necessity calls for it and when the relative circumstances in one’s life tell one that a belief in a religion and its doctrines is held to be beneficial to certain degrees. It should be noted; moreover, that this idea does not necessarily entail that one ought to simple engage in any religion one wishes to. Rather, one ought to relegate oneself to a religion that one deems as right and fit in serving one’s religious needs. There is more to explore in the mind of Ricoeur, his greatness and hermeneutical orientation transforms norms to queries. References: Ricoeur, P. (1995). Figuring the Sacred: Religion, Narrative, and Imagination (D. Pellauer, Trans. ). Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishers. Rockefeller, S. (1994). Democracy, Education, and Religious Experience. In John Dewey: Religious Faith and Democratic Humanism (Reissue ed. , pp. 221-269): Columbia University Press.

In the course of the novel four marriages take place. :: Free Essay Writer

In the course of the novel four marriages take place. In the course of the novel four marriages take place. Discuss which one you feel will be the happiest and compare it with the other three to justify your choice. You may wish to consider: - Key events relevant to these relationships - The language, which Austen uses to portray these characters and relationships and Austen’s narrative craft. - Society’s attitudes towards love and marriage in Austen’s period. The four marriages, which I am going to be discussing, are the marriage of Mr Collins to Charlotte Lucas, Lydia Bennet and Wickham, Jane and Bingley and finally Elizabeth and Mr Darcy. I will also discuss the marriage of Mr and Mrs Bennet, as there is a lot of important information, which Austen includes about marriage relating to them. Right from the start marriage is mentioned in an ironic and humorous way and hints the events, which are to follow. ‘It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.’ It highlights the importance of marriage within the world of the novel. The sentence suggests that the sole purpose for marriage was to increase the characters social and financial ranking. The quote mentions nothing of love yet it provokes the feeling tint he minds of the readers that the purpose of marriage was to merely create security. We see that Mrs Bennet has a consuming passion to find suitable marriage partners for her daughters. In her opinion the wealthier a young man the more an attractive proposition he becomes. Jane Austen is keen in this book to point out the dangers of a marriage that is not based on mutual love and respect. The first marriage we witness is the unsatisfactory relationship between Mr and Mrs Bennet. It is their absurd personality clash that causes us to look for qualities in their relationship, which could help us believe this was a happy marriage. Unlike other relationships in the novel we are able to see the effects which time has had on their relationship. The main pleasure Mr Bennet receives from married life results from teasing his wise and finding amusement at her expense. They are clearly incompatible and we see no signs of love at this stage. Mrs Bennet is obsessed with marrying off her daughters, while Mr Bennet enjoys reading and countryside pursuits. However, they both seem to draw vague contentment through compromise and small things; for example when Mr Bennet proclaimed himself adamant not to visit Mr Bingley when his intentions were otherwise. Mr Bennet had his

Tiffany & Co Case Study Essay

Background Tiffany & Co. was founded in 1837 in New York City by Charles Lewis Tiffany and John B. Young. After decades of development, the company has grown to an internationally famous designer and retailer of fine jewelry, diamonds, timepieces and other luxury accessories. In July 1993, Tiffany made a decision to directly operate sales in Japan, rather than profiting from medium corporation Mitsukoshi. According to this decision, Tiffany will pay Mitsukoshi 27% of net retail sales for providing the local services and bearing the risk of holding inventories. Below is a snap shot of the financial summary of Tiffany & Co from 1988 to 1993. The total revenues grew sustainably over the past years before the decision. However, for the cash flow statements, the company had been losing profits in terms of investments. Two-Pillar Strategy The new decision put Tiffany to a very difficult situation where the firm will face the fluctuation of the yen-dollar exchange rates. Due to the fact that the yen is considered to be overvalued with regards to the dollar, the uncertainty of future rates will diminish the company’s profits. In addition, Tiffany also keeps the company exposed to the volatility of the future exchange rate and related risks remain unhedged. As a result, the management came up with two-pillar strategy – to sell yen for dollars at a preset price in the future with a forward contract and to buy a yen put option with the flexibility to excise in the future with a more favorable price. The first strategy is to get a short position in a forward contact, which sells yen to the counterparty at a pre-decided price in the future. Tiffany and the counterparty of the contact both have the obligations to honor the agreement until the contract is expired. The second strategy will allow Tiffany the right, but not the obligation to sell yen at a pre-decided price in the future. Strategy Analysis After this new agreement with Mitsukoshi, Tiffany & Co are exposed to significant exchange risk. 75 of 492 million US dollar total revenue will be settled in terms of Japanese yen. This counted for approximately 15% of the  revenue of 1992. The net income would also suffer from the exposure of foreign currency exchange rate. The number of 1992 is 25 million US dollar. According to the case, there is high possibility that 10% of fluctuation would be reasonable, which may potentially cause a down fall of roughly 20 million US dollars loss. There will be no doubt that Tiffany should proactively manage its yen-dollar exchange risk. Investors value companies which will provide a solid solution for offshore business risk management. The company may just lose portion of revenues in the beginning. However, if the issue remains lacking sufficient attention, it will eventually have negative influence on the core business revenues. Customers will start to question the company’s brand equity. Investors would doubt the continuing profit-generating capacities of the equity. These facts will cause much stronger fluctuation and more severe fundamental problems. In terms of the risk management objectives, each firm will vary because of different risk appetite. In the industry, analysts will run VaR test based on certain scenario and yield various possible results. The management should analyze on the risk within a scale which tailors to the company’s specific needs. In my own opinion, company should aim at hedging the exchange rate risk instead of gaining extra profits from the derivatives market. Conclusion From the below screen shot of yen/dollar exchange rate from 1989 to 1993, we can conclude the rate will be rather volatile and unpredictable. Additionally, there was market assumption that the yen was overvalued in terms of dollar. Therefore, it would be natural to consider the possibility of the yen crashing. Thus, a yen put option seems to be a more favorable strategy for Tiffany.

Catcher in the Rye- ‘Holden’s Hatred of Everything’ Essay

‘Holden’s hatred of everything is shallow and indicates his own unrealistic and confused attitude.’ Discuss. J.D. Salinger’s novel Catcher in the Rye depicts a teenager struggling through an identity crisis during the 1950’s. Salinger promotes the themes of growing up and adolescence through the protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Holden’s attitude towards life is bitter and contemptuous which prevents him from successfully interacting with other people. His transition from childhood to adulthood is blurry and unclear as he lacks the skills needed to shift from one to the other. Furthermore, he is unable to overcome the obstacle, as he sees it, of growing up as he is finding it difficult to accept the responsibility that comes with it. Holden exposes his idea of the shallowness and hypocrisy in the world by describing them as ‘phony’. Holden recognizes that phoniness is all throughout society. Whether it be in reference to his old school principal at Elkton Hills only conversing with the upper class families, or to his hatred of movies as it involves actors pretending to be something they’re not. Although Holden holds this pessimistic attitude, it seems to be evident that this outlook appears only to be evoked by sympathy, either for the families that looked down upon at Elkton Hills or for his own dysfunctional family. Holden also sees the insincerity in the publication of Stradlater, his roommate who is able to hide his ‘secret [slobbery]’ behind his ‘sexy’ appearance and fake charm. In this sense, Holden may also be jealous of how easily Stradlater can shield his insecurities as he has a strong sense of self-imposed ego. Holden describes his older brother D.B. as a phony because Holden perceives him as a ‘sellout’ for being a ‘prostitute in Hollywood’. Though Holden used to look up to his older brother, his now believes D.B. is compromising his talents for an audience. Similarly, with Ernie who plays piano at the nightclub, Holden is frustrated when the audience claps for him, claiming that ‘people always clap for the wrong things’. Holden is often found disapproving of particular elements in society, however is able to justify to himself the reasons of his actions based on his own experiences and perceptions, which may clash with the expectations of society and it is this that confuses Holden. Holden’s idea of reality is found to be altered due to hurtful experiences and therefore he has difficulty with interactions, forming connections and approval of society. At the beginning of the text, the reader is informed that Holden is narrating from a mental institution, which enables the reader to conclude that Holden’s views of reality are somewhat unstable. Moreover, Holden is unable to let go of the past, as he believes childhood is the only place he will find happiness. Holden’s perception of childhood consists of unconditional love, simplicity and safety from the corruption of the outer world. To Holden, this genuineness existed only when Allie was alive. It is here that the reader is led to believe that the reasons behind Holden’s inability to deal with complexity and intimacy stem from the death of Allie which he has failed to properly grieve for, resulting in confusion and lack of the closure he needs to move forward. In regards to his sexuality and lack of knowledge or experience in the matter, Holden notes that it doesn’t really apply as ‘in [his] mind, [he’s] probably the biggest sex maniac you ever saw’ which implies that Holden has already created his own world in which he has isolated himself to. Holden’s fantasy is to be the ‘catcher in the rye,’ ‘catching’ kids from falling off a cliff into the pretentious world of adulthood. This metaphor indicates that Holden wants to be the person to save the children before they fall out of their innocent knowledge into the repulsive world of adults. His desire to remain in of childhood is implied when he explains that the ‘best things about the museum is everything stayed where it was’ which shows that he longs for a world that remains frozen and unchanged, as he fears the unknown. Also, when watching Phoebe on the carousel, Holden mentions that ‘the nice things about carousels were that they always played the same songs.’ The reality of the world cannot be accepted if the meaning is unknown, and this applies to Holden as his ignorance to explore this unknown prevents his from being the man he truly wants to be. Furthermore, Holden finds difficulty in accepting the concerns and responsibilities that are required in the adult world. His childishness and immaturity, whether deliberate or not, is evident when Holden ‘left all the foils and equipment and stuff on the goddam subway’ and instead of accepting that he made a mistake, he blames it on that he ‘had to keep getting up to look at this map so ‘[they’d] know where to get off’. Holden’s responsibility as an adolescent teenager was to finish school with good grades however unable to do that, he transfers to different schools repeatedly, only to fail again. Holden’s inability to accept responsibility may also be due to a fear of success. Holden’s childishness is also noticed throughout the novel when Holden refuses to go home and confront his parents about ‘flunking out of Pencey Prep’ in fear of the criticism and consequences that will result. Holden dislikes responsibility, as he believes that with it comes expectations, and if he doesn’t live up to those expectations, then the unconditional love he received through childhood will subside. ‘Catcher in the Rye’ explores the tension and confusion between Holden’s aspiration to observe and isolate with his need to converse and connect. Holden displays characteristics of a secluded mentality and is victim of his own isolation, which in turn prevents him from conforming to society’s expectations. Through Holden, the contrast between childhood and adulthood and the process of transitioning from one to another are examined closely. As the novel progresses, the reader is able to understand what events Holden has experienced that have lead to his unrealistic and confused attitude about fearing change, resenting adulthood and growing up.

Cyber Crime and regulations essays

Cyber Crime and regulations essays The growth of technology has changed our lives dramatically. Computers were viewed as a luxury or even an extravagance 30 years ago. People relied on television, newspapers, and radio as primary sources of news and information. Cables, modems, and online services were virtually nonexistent. Today, computers are prevalent in businesses, homes, schools, libraries, and even airports. The World Wide Web provides instant access to news, reference information, shopping, banking, stock trading, auctions, and travel information and reservations. People routinely use the Internet to take college courses, play games, listen to music, and view videos. Chat rooms and e-mails are now replacing telephones as favorite means of long-distance communication. The rise of computer technology obviously has enhanced our lives in many ways, such as enabling improved productivity and efficiency at work, school, and home. Anyone with access to a computer and modem now has unparalleled recreational and educational opportunities. Unfortunately, criminals are also using modern technology-to prey on innocent victims. Computers and the Internet have made the criminals job easier. Historically, predators found their victims in public places where people tend to gather. Today, with so many people online, the Internet provides predators a new place-cyberspace-to target someone for criminal acts. This approach eliminates many of the risks predators face when making contact in person. This is known as cyber crime, i.e. crime related to technology, computers and the internet. Cyber-Crime is any illegal behavior directed by means of electronic operations that targets the security of computer systems and the data processed by them. The Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders categorized five offenses as cyber-crime: unauthorized access, damage to computer data or programs, sabotage to hinder the functionin...

Fake Flesh Recipe for Costumes and Decorations

Fake Flesh Recipe for Costumes and Decorations Use common kitchen ingredients to make non-toxic fake flesh or organs for Halloween and scary parties. Its a variation of a common slime recipe and has viscoelastic properties, so youll incorporate science into your decorations. Fake Flesh Ingredients 2 tablespoons corn starch4 teaspoons water2-5 drops red food coloring1/2 teaspoon cocoa mix (with marshmallows or without) How to Make Mix together the cornstarch, food coloring, and water in a bowl.After you have a smooth consistency, mix in the cocoa powder. Its okay if the cocoa forms little clumps (theyll look like blood clots).Use your fingers to press the mixture against the side of the bowl to form shapes. If you use your hands, youll get crumbly edges, so a mold (the bowl) is best for a smooth effect. You may wish to mix in a little more cornstarch or cocoa mix to firm up or darken your organs. Gruesome Tips and Tricks Mix in tiny bits of gelatin if you want a fatty appearance. Drizzle fake blood over the flesh as desired for extra gore. You can stick fake flesh and organs onto objects, clothing, or flesh using syrup or corn starch. The recipe actually tastes okay, so you can eat it for effect! Recipe Variations If you microwave this recipe, youll get rubbery flesh that wont fall apart when you put it in water. If you want a more flavorful flesh, use unsweetened cherry or berry drink mix instead of food coloring and cocoa. You could use the sweetened version, too, but the resulting flesh might be sticky.

Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld 548 US 557 (2006) Case Study

Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld 548 US 557 (2006) - Case Study Example Bush, President of the United States. After a year of detention, President Bush deemed him eligible to be tried before a military commission that was authorized under Military Commission Order No. 1. The military commission would have allowed the inclusion of evidence with no probative value or acquired through illegal means, made it possible that there be evidence used against the accused that the accused would not be able to see, and the appeals would only be within the Executive branch. Opposing this, Hamdan filed a writ of habeas corpus, in chief arguing that a military commission conducting trial in violation of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and the Geneva Conventions should be declared illegal and with no power to proceed. Procedural History: Hamdan filed his petition before the United States District Court for the District of Colombia, which found in his favor. Upon Appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit unanimously revers ed the decision of the District Court. Subsequently, on 7 November 2005 the Supreme Court issued a writ of certiorari to hear the case, and it was argued before the said court on 28 March 2006. On 29 June 2006, the Supreme Court issued its decision, reversing the Court of Appeals and finding in favor of Hamdan. Issues: 1. The first issue is whether or not the provisions in the military commission that would allow the accused to be convicted using evidence that he had not seen or heard, or evidence that may not be in compliance with admissibility or relevancy rules in other court martial proceedings violate the uniformity rule and the principle that â€Å"no procedural rule must be contrary or inconsistent with the UCMJ†? 2. The second issue is whether or not Hamdan can invoke the guarantees of the Geneva Conventions given the contextual background of the capture of Hamdan, and giving due regard to the fact that such capture was done pursuant to the war with Al Qaeda, which is not a High Contracting Party to the Conventions? Holding: The Supreme Court answered in the affirmative to both questions. It held firstly that the deviations in the military commission rendered it defective, and secondly, that the Geneva Conventions could be validly invoked by Hamdan. Rationale: The Supreme Court relied on the case of Ex Parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942) as justification for granting certiorari to Hamdan, stating that trial by military commissions surfaces important questions about the balance of powers of the three branches of government. Likewise, the case of In Re Yamashita 327 U.S. 1, 11 (1946) recognizes that the exigencies of war may demand extraordinary measures. In the case of Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507 (2004) it reaffirmed the war powers of the President, including the authority to convene military commissions. With respect to the first question, the Supreme Court noted that in the military commission created by Military Commission Order No. 1, Section 6 permits exclusion of the accused from proceedings and denial of his and his civilian counsel’s access to evidence that may be used to convict him. The grounds for the denial of access "include the protection of information classified or classifiable . . .; information protected by law or rule from unauthorized disclosure; the physical safety of participants in Commission proceedings, including prospective

Commodities, mining, FDI, and the awakening Chinese dragon. Where next Essay

Commodities, mining, FDI, and the awakening Chinese dragon. Where next for China - Essay Example China’s open door policy does not only serve as the catalyst for the robust economic growth of China, it is considered as the primary impetus, strongest and decisive factor catapulting China as one of the most powerful economy in the 21st century (Chen 2012; Liu and Daly 2011; Yao 2006). This supposition is maintained on the premise that with the open-door trade policy of China, the country has become the preferred country of foreign investors and as such, recipient of numerous foreign direct investments (FDI) (Yao 2006). From 2000- 2011, China received the largest FDI inflows compared with other developing or transition economy (Davies 2012). In 2011 alone, China’s FDI inflows has reached US$124 billion compared with other countries such as Brazil with US$ 67 billion, Russia with US$ 53 billion, Singapore with US$ 64 billion, and India with US$32 billion (http://stats.unctad.org/fdi/). This shows the continued confidence of investors to China. China’s good perfo rmance in the 1997-1998 Asian crises and the recent global economic slump affirms the view that China’s economy is resilient and China offers a reliable risk-avoidance haven that is suitable for international investors (Davies 2012) as the country continuously moves towards becoming the world’s largest economy (Davies 2012). In this regard, the research will look into the impact of FDI in China with specific focus on the mining industry. This is important, as China is responsible for the net growth in world demands since 1995 (Evans –Pritchard 2012). In fact, just recently, China’s growth contributed to the appreciation of copper in the market (Rowley and White 2012).However, Rio Tanto has announced cost-cutting measures in operating costs across the business amounting to $ 5 billion by 2014, while BHP Billiton is diversifying its portfolio (Rowley and White 2012). In addition, there is apprehension across the mining industry since China is shifting to â €Å"modern, sleek, consumer and service driven economy† (Evans-Pritchard 2012,  ¶ 9). The slowdown in China’s economy and macro-volatility of the global market feed the apprehensions in the mining industry On the other hand, Vivoda (2011) argues China is mining industry continuous to lag behind other industries in terms of foreign investments. In fact, the government consistently reforms and rectifies foreign trade policies to attract investors in the mining sector of the country; nonetheless, foreign investors steer away from China because of uncertainty and lack of transparency within the mining industry (Suxun and Chenjunnan 2008). In the face of this dichotomy in position pertinent to China’s mining industry and FDI, the research may help in clearing some concepts that conflates the trepidation concerning China’s economic slowdown. In addition, some limitations are observed in terms of focus in existing literatures that deal with the issue (Vivoda 2 011). Most literatures tackle specific country/ regional concerns or undertake comparative studies (Vivoda 2011). In this regard, the study contributes to the existing literature, as it will try to explore the developments within China’s mining industry vis-a-vis FDI and understand the impact of the industry to the country as China moves towards bec